Dive Into the Debate: What Makes a Sunscreen Truly Reef-Safe?
If you revel in basking under the warmth of the sun, then you're no stranger to the importance of sun protection. Perhaps you're one of those lucky few who have never experienced the agony of lying on your back after getting burned to a crisp, because your skin is practically made for the sun. Or, maybe you're like me and find yourself contemplating using a paint roller to apply enough sunscreen to prevent getting scorched. Regardless of which category you fall into, it's imperative to always wear sun protection - be it sunscreen or sun protection clothes - as it's vital to shield your skin from harmful ultraviolet rays (UV) that can lead to severe long-term effects, such as skin cancer.
Over the years, the number of sunscreens available on the market has surged, with options ranging from chemical to mineral-based. It might come as a surprise, but the global sun market was worth a staggering 13.03 billion USD in 2019? As skin damage continues to be a prominent concern, the market is expected to grow even larger. With more people using sunscreen, the demand for these products naturally increases, leading to more purchases. However, this also means that you'll need to dispose of your previous sunscreen products to make way for new ones. The problem arises when the sunscreen you purchase is not a zero-waste product. Active ingredients such as Oxybenzone and Octinoxate, particularly in chemical sunscreens, contribute to sunscreen pollution. Scientific evidence shows that approximately 14,000 tons of sunscreen wash into the ocean yearly, leaving a significant impact on the environment. This information definitely made me stop and think...
What is the difference between physical sunscreen and chemical sunscreen?
Physical sunscreen, also known as mineral sunscreen, has two main active ingredients, zinc oxide and/or titanium dioxide. These ingredients act as a barrier to the skin, preventing sunlight damage on the skin by reflecting sunlight away from the skin before it can be absorbed. Mineral sunscreens tend to leave a white tint on the skin since each ingredient comes in white color. Physical sunscreens act as a shield on exposed skin. People with sensitive skin will most likely opt for physical sunscreens since chemicals can affect them.
Chemical sunscreens, on the other hand, absorb UV light from the sun through the chemicals found in them. These types of sunscreens are not as thick as the physical or mineral versions. Unlike the physical type with zinc oxide and titanium dioxide as its actives, this kind relies on oxybenzone, butylparaben, and octinoxate. Chemical sunscreens absorb into the skin as a way to protect from UV light. Therefore, rather than allowing the skin to take in the rays, the ingredients take them in. However, oxybenzone and octinoxate, two of the main culprits in chemical sunscreens, have been shown to damage coral reefs and marine life.
Environmental impact of sunscreen
The environmental consequences of sunscreen cannot be ignored. Sunscreen pollution is having a significant impact on marine organisms and coral reefs, disrupting the natural order of things. It's easy for products to end up in the ocean when people engage in activities like swimming, and this results in direct pollution. However, the problem is not limited to direct pollution as chemicals in these products also affect marine species through wastewater treatment plants. The impact of these chemicals on the environment can be understood through three main ways they affect the ecosystem.
Firstly, certain ingredients in sunscreens lead to coral bleaching, which is a cause for concern for reef-safe products and ingredients. Coral bleaching occurs when oxybenzone and octinoxate come in contact with coral reef areas. Oxybenzone damages coral DNA, disrupts the skeletal endocrine of each planula, and ultimately kills the coral offspring. This chemical also makes the water around coral reefs toxic, causing stress to the symbiotic partners and leading to viral infections in the algae that give corals their bright colors. This affects the relationship between corals and algae, leading to bleaching.
Secondly, chemicals in sunscreens also damage fish, sea urchins, and other aquatic organisms. This has prompted places like Hawaii to ban products with oxybenzone. High concentrations of sunscreen chemicals in the bodies of aquatic animals have damaging effects and affect fish embryos and larvae. When coral reefs die due to bleaching, the marine populations that inhabit these areas start to decline, disrupting ecosystems and affecting the natural order of things in the environment.
Finally, the packaging of sunscreen products is a significant concern. Many products come in plastic tubes that constitute a nuisance in the environment. Plastic production has intensive effects, and during the end of their life cycles, these items often end up in landfills or water bodies. However, conscious companies are now switching to eco-friendly packaging alternatives like aluminum tins, and there are also biodegradable package options such as tubes and cardboard containers.
“Reef-Safe” sunscreen?
The terms "reef-safe" or "reef-friendly" are often used to denote sunscreens that do not contain oxybenzone and octinoxate, which studies have linked to coral bleaching. However, the reality is that no sunscreen has been deemed completely safe for marine life. While oxybenzone and octinoxate are among the most researched chemicals in sunscreens, other components, such as preservatives, fragrances, and UV-blocking agents like octocrylene, are also being examined for their effects on coral. It's essential to be aware of the various ingredients in your sunscreen and choose products that are mindful of the impact on the environment.
Ways to make more environmentally-friendly choices
Protect your skin with UPF-rated clothing instead of sunscreen alone. This will reduce the amount of sunscreen you need and the impact of the chemicals in it on the environment.
Opt for sunscreens that are free of oxybenzone and octinoxate, which are two of the most harmful chemicals for coral reefs. However, be aware that other ingredients, such as preservatives, fragrances, and UV-blocking agents like octocrylene, may also pose a threat to marine life.
Choose non-nano sunscreens, which contain larger particles that cannot be ingested by coral, to minimize your impact on the ecosystem.
Look for sunscreens that come in eco-friendly packaging materials, such as biodegradable or recyclable options, to reduce plastic waste.
Avoid sunscreens that contain parabens, which are preservatives that have been linked to coral bleaching and health concerns. Many brands now offer "paraben-free" sunscreens as a safer alternative.
Use lotions instead of spray sunscreens, as the latter can easily drift onto the sand and into the ocean. Applying sunscreen by hand also ensures that you cover all areas evenly.
Choose sunscreens with good water resistance, which will stay on longer when you're in the water and be less likely to wash off. Make sure to follow the manufacturer's instructions on how long to wait before swimming to maximize its effectiveness.
Suggestions
Feeling overwhelmed by the extensive list of requirements for an eco-friendly sunscreen? No worries, I've got you covered! I've scoured through countless sunscreens, meticulously examining their descriptions and ingredients, and have narrowed down a list of top contenders for you.
First up, Raw Elements, FACE+BODY SPF 30 Sunscreen BIO-RESIN. This gem contains non-nano zinc oxide, is water-resistant for up to 80 minutes, and comes in a biodegradable, plant-based tube made from sugarcane waste.
Next on the list is Biotherm, Waterlover Hydrating Sun Milk, which boasts a high SPF of 50 and is enriched with sustainably sourced ingredients. Plus, the packaging is a paper based tube.
Thirdly, Badger, Sport Mineral Sunscreen Tin - SPF 40 is a must-try. It's reef-friendly, non-nano, and comes in a portable tin that's easy to throw in your beach bag.
Lastly, we have Suntribe, Natural Mineral Sunscreen SPF 30 This eco-conscious option is 100% natural, cruelty-free, and free from oxybenzone, octinoxate, and other harmful chemicals. Plus, it comes in a an innovative sugar cane tube.
I just want to make it clear that none of the sunscreen products I mentioned earlier are sponsored or endorsed in any way. I did the research and came up with these suggestions based on their ingredients and eco-friendly features. However, there are many other great reef-safe sunscreen options out there, and I encourage you to share your personal preferences in the comments below. Let's help each other make more eco-friendly choices!
Wander the world, tread lightly.
